تاریخ‌گذاری حدیث، روش‌ها و راهکارها

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای گروه علوم قرآن و حدیث، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار گروه علوم قرآن و حدیث، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

تاریخ‌گذاری عنوانی نسبتاً جدید در حوزۀ قرآن و حدیث است و توجه ویژه به تاریخ‌گذاری در این دو حوزه، از خاورشناسان آغاز شده است. در حوزۀ قرآن تاریخ‌گذاری به‌معنای تعیین تاریخ نزول هریک از فقره‌های وحی است و در حدیث با توجه به مبانی خاورشناسان، منظور تعیین تاریخ پدید آمدن یک روایت است. تاریخ‌گذاری قرآن زمینه‌ساز تفسیرهای واضح‌تری از قرآن خواهد شد و تاریخ‌گذاری حدیث که ناشی از نگاه خاورشناسان به حدیث به‌مثابۀ یک منبع تاریخی است، باعث آشنایی کامل‌تر با شرایط تاریخیِ وقتی است که تاریخ پدید آمدن حدیث تخمین زده می‌شود. روش مستشرقان در تاریخ‌گذاری حدیث مختص به روایات اهل‌سنت است و با توجه به تفاوتی که در طرق روایات عامه و شیعه به دلایل تاریخی به وجود آمده، این روش در روایات شیعه کارایی ندارد. از مقایسۀ تاریخ‌گذاری در حوزۀ قرآن و حدیث و نگاه به مبانی، فواید و کاستی‌های هریک، به نظر می‌رسد بتوان راه دیگری در تاریخ‌گذاری حدیث شیعه پی گرفت و برخی نتایج تاریخ‌گذاری را از آن دریافت کرد. در این روش تلاش بر آن است تا روایات حدیث شیعه به ترتیب تاریخ صدور مرتب شده و با ملاحظۀ روایات با این ترتیب، نتایج فقه‌الحدیثی و شناخت فضای تاریخ صدور آن‌ها بررسی گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Dating hadith, methods and strategies

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Sadat Mirhashemi 1
  • Hamidreza Basiri 2
1 Ph.D. Student of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Department of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Department of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Dating is a new title that has entered the field of Quran and Islamic Hadith by orientalists. Since the followers of the Sunni comprise a larger part of the geography of Islam, Orientalists are often faced with Sunni sources, therefore, the methods of dating in hadith are based on Sunni traditions. Orientalists look at hadith as a historical source and try to find historical points about it by determining the date of issuance of the tradition. Due to the existence of multiple texts and Isnad for each of the Sunni traditions, which is the dominant feature of their traditions, Orientalists have developed methods for dating, that these methods in some cases leads to criticism or a better understanding of the traditions. Therefore, it seems that one should also think about dating in Shia traditions.
Materials and Methods
Some orientalists have tried to compare the features of existing texts for a tradition to obtain the course of text changes and obtain the original text of the tradition. Some have also considered the characteristics of the sanad and by determining the “common link” that can be determined according to the many ways of the tradition sanad, they have tried to estimate the date of the tradition, which is often attributed to the common link or its sheikhs. According to the first source that contains the text of the tradition, a group has started to determine the date of issuance. Finally, some people have considered a new way to determine the date of issuance of a tradition by paying attention to the multiple texts and Isnad of a tradition. Among the dating methods, dating based on the Isnad as well as dating based on the analysis of the text and the Isnad together have received more attention due to being more methodical, which is based on the phenomenon of the common link in the sanad as well as the multiplicity of texts of traditions. This feature does not exist in Shia traditions because the process of issuing and compiling Shia traditions is different due to historical reasons and often lacks multiple sanads or multiple texts for one tradition. Therefore, dating methods are not applicable in Shia traditions.
On the other hand, one should not simply ignore the dating of hadith in Shia traditions because its benefits are undeniable in some works done in Sunni traditions. Therefore, a way to achieve these benefits and results must be found in Shia traditions.
Results and Discussion
Orientalists in the field of the Qur'an have also begun dating, the purpose of which is to determine the date of revelation of each paragraph of the Qur'anic verses, and due to its connection with the events of the Prophet's time, this determination of the date leads to a more accurate and clear interpretation of the verses. Two common features between Shia traditions and Quranic verses led this research to a method for dating Shia hadith that can bring us closer to the motivations and benefits of the Orientalist dating method. One of these two characteristics is the gradualness of the issuance of Shia traditions during the period of the presence of the Imams (as), similar to the revelation of the verses that continued throughout the life of the Prophet (pbuh), and the other is the continuity and coordination of the issuance of the traditions with the events of the period of the presence of the Imams, such as the revelation of the verses of the Qur'an were in harmony with the events of the life of the Prophet (pbuh). Therefore, it seems that the way to be followed in the dating of Shia traditions should be similar to the dating method of the Orientalists in the Qur'an. Therefore, this research suggests the method of rereading Shia traditions based on the date of issuance. Although the Shiite scholars have been paying attention to the date of issuance of traditions for a long time, in practice, they have considered it only in special cases, and in most cases, this point has been neglected. While it should be kept in mind that the tradition of each imam (as) was not issued spontaneously but was based on the traditions from his fathers. Therefore, it is necessary to re-read and pay attention to the Shia traditions in the order of their issuance date.
In the method of rereading Shia traditions based on the date of issuance, several steps must be taken in Shia traditions. First of all, since the transmitter have been committed to identify the infallible imam (as) from whom the tradition is heard or transmitted, his traditions on a subject should be arranged in the order of the date of issue. In the second stage, one should try to arrange the traditions of each imam (as) in terms of the date of issuance, which is very difficult Because the transmitters have not been committed to mention the date and other details related, and perhaps ignoring it will not create a problem, Finally, according to the historical order of issuance, the traditions of a subject should be examined and with this precision, we may look for new points and a new understanding of the traditions.
Conclusion
Since the Shia traditions were issued gradually and during the lifetime of Fourteen Infallibles (as) and it is similar to the gradual revelation of the Quran, it seems that the benefits of the Qur'an dating method can also be followed in the Shia traditions. Because the dating of the Qur'an seeks to give a clearer interpretation of the verses by considering the connection between the revelation of the verses and the events of the era of revelation. According to the long period of the presence of the infallible Imams (as), the Shia traditions were issued gradually and during the ups and downs of their contemporary societies. Therefore, it is expected that the study of the texts and content of these traditions according to the historical order of issuing hadiths will lead us to a better understanding of them. This method faces some difficulties. The phenomenon of taqiyyah in Shia hadiths, as well as the possibility of errors by the transmitters of Shia hadiths and the existence of fabricated traditions may cause difficulties in the process of rereading.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dating the Qur'an
  • Dating the Hadith
  • the Date of Issuance
  • Rereading the Hadiths

 

نهج‌البلاغه.
ابوداود، س. (1418ق). سنن ابی‌داود. شرح حمد بن محمد بستی خطابی. (ع. عبید دعاس و ع. سید، محققان). بیروت- لبنان: دار ابن‌حزم.
ابونعیم، ا. (بی‌تا). حلیة الاولیاء و طبقات الاصفیاء (ک. یوسف حوت، گردآورنده). قاهره: دار ام‌القری.
احسانی‌فر لنگرودی، م. (1432ق). اسباب اختلاف الحدیث. بیروت: مؤسسۀ علمی فرهنگی دارالحدیث سازمان چاپ و نشر.
اخلاقی امیری، ح. (1393ش). بررسی تأثیر زمان و مکان در احکام و تعارض احادیث فقهی. پژوهشنامه فقه اسلامی و مبانی حقوق، شمارۀ 2، 67ـ۸۸.
اسکندرلو، م. (1385ش). مستشرقان و تاریخ‌گذاری در قرآن. قم: پژوهش‌های تفسیر و علوم قرآن.
حر عاملی، م. (1416ق). وسائل الشیعة الی تحصیل مسائل الشریعه. قم: مؤسسۀ آل‌البیتk لاحیاء‌ التراث.
دیلمی، ح. (1371ش). إرشاد القلوب. قم: الشریف الرضی.
سیوطی، ج. (1421ق). الاتقان فی علوم القرآن (ف. احمد زمرلی، محقق). بیروت: دارالکتاب العربی.
سیوطی، ع. (1420ق). تدریب الراوی فی شرح تقریب النواوی (ع. حسونه و ع. ابن‌سلیم، محققان). بیروت: دارالفکر للطباعة و النشر و التوزیع.
طباطبایی، ک. (1377ش). مسندنویسی در تاریخ حدیث. قم: دفتر تبلیغات اسلامی حوزۀ علمیۀ قم.
طباطبائی، م. (1417ق). المیزان فی تفسیر القرآن. چ۵، قم: دفتر انتشارات اسلامی جامعۀ مدرسین حوزۀ علمیۀ قم.
طوسی، م. (بی‌تا). الاستبصار فی ما اختلف من الآثار. تصحیح و تعلیق سید حسن موسوی خرسان. تهران: دارالکتب الاسلامیه.
طیالسی، س. (بی‌تا). مسند ابی‌داوود طیالسی. بی‌جا: موجود در کتابخانۀ دیجیتال نور.
عطاردی، ع. (1388ش). مسند امام سجاد ابی محمد علی بن الحسینn (م. عطایی، مترجم). تهران: عطارد.
کشی، م. (بی‌تا). اختیار معرفة الرجال المعروف برجال الکشی (م. رجایی، محقق). تصحیح م. میرداماد. قم: مؤسسۀ آل‌البیتk لاحیاء‌ التراث.
کلینی، م. (1367ش). الکافی (ع. غفاری، مصحح). چ۳. تهران: دارالکتب الاسلامیه.
کنی، الملا علی (1379ش). توضیح المقال فی علم الرجال (م. مولوی، محقق). قم: دارالحدیث.
لک‌زایی، ص.، و نکونام، ج. (1394). نقد و بررسی شاخص طول در تاریخ‌گذاری قرآن با تأ‌کید با تحقیقات بلاشر. معرفت، شمارۀ 214، 85ـ۹۵.
المامقانی، ع. (1385ش). مقباس الهدایة فی علم الدرایه (م. المامقانی، محقق). قم: انتشارات دلیل ما.
محققیان، ح. (1394). نگاهی به حدیث شیعه با توجه به فضای صدور. رهنامۀ پژوهش، شمارۀ 21 و 22، ص30ـ۳۸.
مختاری، ع. (1376ش). مسند و مسند‌نویسی. علوم حدیث، شمارۀ 4.
معارف، م.، معینی، م.، و هوشنگی، ل. (1381ش). تدوین حدیث. دانشنامۀ جهان اسلام، شمارۀ 6، 749ـ۷۵۵.
معارف، م. (1385ش). رابطۀ تاریخ و فهم و نقد حدیث. پژوهش دینی، شمارۀ 14، 53ـ۷۰.
موتسکی، ه. (1390ش). حدیث اسلامی خاستگاه‌ها و سیر تطور (م. کریمی‌نیا، مصحح). قم: مؤسسۀ علمی فرهنگی دارالحدیث، سازمان چاپ و نشر.
موسوی خمینی، ر. (1410ق). الرسائل. چ۱. قم: اسماعیلیان.
موسویان، ا.، و گلمحمدی، ی. (1397ش). تاریخ‌گذاری قرآن در ایران. پرتو وحی، شمارۀ 8، 73ـ۹۴.
مهدوی راد،‌ م. (1375ش). تدوین حدیث (2) کتابت. علوم حدیث، شمارۀ 2.
نیلساز، ن. (1390ش). تاریخ‌گذاری حدیث براساس روش ترکیبی تحلیل اسناد و متن در مطالعات اسلامی خاورشناسان، پژوهش‌های قرآن و حدیث، شمارۀ 1، 27ـ۴۹.
واسطی، ع. (1398ش). روش کشف اسباب صدور حدیث (الگوریتم دستیابی به اسباب صدور حدیث). مطالعات فهم حدیث، شمارۀ 11، 199ـ۲۱۷.
References
Nahj al-Balagha. Hikmat 17 (In Persian).
Abu Dawud, S. (1997). Sunan Abi Dawud. Commentator: Hamd b. Muhammad Bosti Khattabi, researcher: I. Obaid Daas & A. Sayyed. Beirut-Lebanon: Dar Ibn Hazm. (In Persian).
Abu Nu'aym, A. (2010). Hilyat al-Awliya wa Tabaqat al-Asfiya. compiled by: K. Yusuf Hut. Cairo-Egypt: Dar Umm Al-Qura, (In Persian).
Akhlaghi Amiri, H. (2014). The Study of Effects of Time and Place on Rules and Confict of Jurisprudence Narrations. Biannual journal of Studies of Islamic Jurisprudence and Basis of Law, No. 2, 67-88. (In Persian).
Al-Hurr al-Aamili, M. (1995). Wasa'il al-Shia, Alulbayt Li ihya Al-Turath Institute. (In Persian).
Al-Mamqani, A. (2006). Miqabas Al-Hidaya fi ilm al-Dira’yah. Dalil-e-Ma Publications. (In Persian).
Atarodi, A. (2009). Musnad of Imam Sajjad Abi Muhammad Ali b. Al-Hussein. peace be upon him, translator: M. R. Atai. Tehran: Atarod, (In Persian).
Daylami, H. (1992). Irshad al-Qulub. Qom: Al-Sharif al-Razi. (In Persian).
Ehsanifar Langroudi, M. (2010). The Disagreement Among Traditions (ikhtilāf al-hadith). Beirut-Lebanon: Dar al-Hadith Scientific-Cultural Institute, Printing and Publishing Organization. (In Persian).
Eskandarlo, M. (2006). Orientalists and Dating of the Qur'an. Qom: Researches on Tafsir and Qur'anic Sciences. (In Persian).
Kani, M. (2000). Tawdih al-maqal fi ilm al rejal. Research: M. H. Molavi. Qom: Dar Al-Hadith. (In Persian).
Kashshi, M. (1988). Ikhtiyar ma'rifat al-rijal known as Rijal al-Kashshi. Alulbayt Li ihya Al-Turath Institute. (In Persian).
Kulayni, M. (1988). Al-Kafi. Correction and suspension: A.A. Ghafari. Tehran: Dar Al-Kutub Al Islamiyah, third edition. (In Persian).
Lakzaie, S. &Nekoonam , J. (2015). A Review and Evaluation of the Factor of Length in Chronology of the Quran with an Emphasis on Blasher's Research. Marifat, Number 214, 85-95. (In Persian).
Maaref, M. (2006). Relation between history and understanding and criticism of hadith. Journal of Pazhouhesh Dini, No. 14, 53-70. (In Persian).
Maaref, M., Moini, M., & Hoshangi, L. (2002). Compilation of Hadith. Encyclopedia of Islamic World, No. 6, 749-755. (In Persian).
Mahdavi Rad, M. (1996 ). Compilation of Hadith (2) Kitabat. Hadith Sciences, No. 2. (In Persian).
Mohagheghian, H. (2015). A look at Shia hadith according to the environment of issuance. Research Doctrine (rahnameh Research), No. 21 and 22, 30-38. (In Persian).
Mokhtari, A. (1997). Musnad and Musnad Writing. Hadith Sciences, No. 4. (In Persian).
Moosavian, A., & Golmohammadi, Y. (2018 ). Determination of the date of the Qur’an in Iran. revelation light, No. 8, 73-94. (In Persian).
Motzki, H. (2011). Hadith: Origins and Developments. Edited by: M. Kariminia. Qom: Dar al-Hadith Scientific-Cultural Institute, Printing and Publishing Organization. (In Persian).
Mousavi Khomeini, R. (1989). al rasael. Qom: Ismailian. (In Persian).
Nilsaz, N. (2011). Dating of Hadiths on the Basis of Synthetic Method of Analysis of Chain of Transmission and Text in the Islamic Studies of Orientalists. Quranic Sciences & Tradition, No. 1, 27-49. (10.22059/JQST.2012.24956) (In Persian).
Suyuti, J. (2000). Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'an. Researcher: F. A. Zamrali. Beirut-Lebanon: Dar al-Katab al-Arabi. (In Persian).
-----------. (1999). Tadrib al-Rawi fi Sharh Taqrib al-Nawawi. Researcher: E. Hassounah & E. Ibn Salim. Beirut-Lebanon: Dar al-Fikr for Printing Publishing & Distributing. (In Persian).
Tabataba'i, K. (1998). Musand writing in the history of hadith. Qom: Islamic Propagation Center of Howzah of Qom. (In Persian).
Tabataba'i, M. (1996). Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an. Qom: Islamic Publications Office of the Qom Theological Seminary Society. (In Persian).
Tayalisi, S. (2009). Musnad al Tayalisi. Available in Noor Digital Library. (In Persian).
Tusi, M. (2009). Al-Istibsar fi-ma ikhtalafa min al-Akhbar. Correction and suspension: H. Mousavi Khersan. Tehran: Dar Al-Kutub Al Islamiyahv. (In Persian).
Vaseti, A. (2019). Methodology for the Discovery of the Issuance of Hadith (an Algorithm for Accessing the Hadith Issue). Studies on Understandig Hadith, No. 11, 199-217. (10.30479/mfh.2019.1820) (In Persian).